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Fiore Longo: The Maasai Are Under Attack in the Name of Conservation | ‘This Is Our Land, and We Won’t Leave’
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The government has been trying to seize 1500 km2 of their ancestral lands for years, wanting to use it for trophy hunting, elite tourism, and conservation.
“Loliondo is bleeding”: an SMS message woke me up in the morning of 10th of June. Dozens of terrifying images of Maasai men and women, with wounds on their legs, on their backs, on their heads, started filling my phone. A lot of blood. And then videos of Maasai running away from the Tanzanian police who were shooting at them. They looked like war images. I, like so many other people in the Global North, was shocked. How could the peaceful images of zebras, giraffes and lions that the Serengeti ecosystem conjures up in Western minds be transformed into this theatre of brutal violence?
The Maasai, on the other hand, have always known it’s war. They’ve explained to me: “Your conservation areas are a warzone for us.” They’ve been expecting this moment for a long time. The government has been trying to seize 1500 km2 of their ancestral lands for years, wanting to use it for trophy hunting, elite tourism, and conservation. Behind these attempts there has always been the United Arab Emirates (UAE)-based Otterlo Business Company (OBC)—which runs hunting excursions for the country’s royal family and their guests—and who will reportedly control commercial hunting in the area.
But UAE royalty are not the only ones interested in the area surrounding the famous Serengeti national park, which the Maasai were evicted from once before, by British colonialists in 1959. Conservationists working in Tanzania, like the German-based Frankfurt Zoological Society (FZS), advocate a racist and colonial Fortress model of conservation. FZS refers to the local population and their cattle as one of the key threats to the survival of the ecosystem, thus promoting the myth of a “wilderness” without people, which has been the underlying philosophy behind the Maasai evictions from the start.
Just as dangerous to the Maasai are the tourists, who are fed a diet of images, pushed by the media, documentaries, and schoolbooks that sell the idea of “nature without people,” and who expect to find only “wild” animals on their safaris. Indeed, the Maasai have to confront not only the wilderness myth, but also deeply-entrenched racism. In April a famous US journalist, CBS News’ Peter Greenberg, called the Maasai “primitive” while strolling with the President of Tanzania, in Tanzania: the Royal Tour, his long-running television series where sitting heads of state become his personal tour guides to their countries. As a Maasai man put it: “The Tanzania government doesn’t want the Maasai because people coming here don’t want to see the Maasai. Before, we didn’t think too much (or too badly) about tourism but now we understand that tourism is people coming with money, which makes the government think ‘If we move the Maasai, more people will come here with money’.”
In the context of continuous attacks on the Maasai’s way of life, at the start of June the Tanzanian government announced their plan to “upgrade” Loliondo Game Controlled Area to a Game Reserve: which in practice means that Maasai houses and grazing will be banned. On June 8 dozens of police vehicles and an estimated 700 officers arrived in Loliondo to mark out this new area. On June 10 they fired at Maasai who were protesting at these efforts to evict them: at least 18 men and 13 women were shot, and many more were wounded with machetes. One person is confirmed dead. In the days that followed the police went house-to-house in Maasai villages, beating and arresting those they believe had distributed images of the violence, or took part in the protests. A 90 year old man was beaten by police because his son was accused of filming the shooting. Thousands of Maasai including children, are reported to have fled into the bush. A dozen people have been arrested.
For many of you it will seem absurd that such a well-known Indigenous community is facing such brutal violence in the name of conservation. The Maasai are a pastoralist society, with a strong connection to the land. A Maasai elder told me: “I love this place and I’m not ready to leave because it’s my home. I have been here since they moved us from Serengeti. It’s very good land with enough water. It’s the only place that I’m proud to tell my kids: this is your heritage”.
But for those who know the story of conservation this is not really a surprise. The brutality in Loliondo reveals the true face of conservation: daily violations of the human rights of Indigenous Peoples and local communities so that wealthy tourists can hunt or go on “safari” in so called “Protected Areas.” These abuses are systemic and are built into the dominant racist and colonial model of conservation – a model that also exists in India. In the exact same way that the Tanzanian government is forcing the Maasai out of their homes, the Indian government is illegally evicting Adivasis (‘tribal peoples’) from the land where they have always lived and that they have always protected, to make way for Tiger Reserves where tourists are welcome. And this is despite the fact that Indian law specifically protects Adivasis’ right to remain on their ancestral homelands. Indigenous people, like the Jenu Kuruba or the Baiga, are accused of harming wildlife. But, far from killing tigers, many tribes worship them as gods and take care of their environment better than anyone else. Where tribal people’s right to stay in a tiger reserve was recognized, tiger numbers soared.
The events in Loliondo should be a lesson for us all. Indigenous Peoples have been living in the most biodiverse places in the world for generations: these territories are now deemed to be important nature conservation areas precisely because the original inhabitants took such good care of their land and wildlife. We can no longer turn a blind eye to human rights abuses committed in the name of conservation. This model of conservation is deeply inhumane and ineffective and must be changed now. Protected Areas are failing to save biodiversity and are alienating the local people – those best placed to protect their lands. As a Maasai leader told me: “Without us the animals will be killed. We are the real conservationists. This is our land, and we won’t leave.”
First published in Common Dreams. Licensed under Creative Commons.
Fiore Longo is a Research and Advocacy Officer at Survival international, the global movement for tribal peoples, as well as Co-ordinator of Survival France. She works on Survival’s conservation campaign and has visited many communities threatened with eviction from conservation zones in India and Republic of Congo. She is currently leading Survival’s campaign against the creation of Messok Dja National Park.
Vox Populi 
Commercial hunting in a ‘nature preserve’ and the Masai lands, to boot?! Did the tribe ever even get any royalties for the use of their names on the shoes (MBTs, I think they were called)? This is …
heartbreaking, guttwrenching, infuriating, frustrating and saddening
(I had a friend from Tanzania, many years ago, and we trained together for a track meet for a few weeks, so this hits me personally0
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I agree. The way that traditional tribes have been treated around the world is shameful. Everything has been taken from them, and little has been given to them.
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Kind of like… Black Americans. I wrote the Do Better manifesto as a plan to help resolve these issues, or at least to help communities come together on them, over the next 70 years. I think Vox readers would be interested, if a like is wanted here?
Shira
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It would be great if you could post the manifesto here.
M.
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Links to all formats here:
https://shiradest.wordpress.com/2022/07/27/the-writing-is-done-the-umbrella-project-has-begun/
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Shira, I’ve been reading the manifesto. Very impressive! What a vision. I love the infrastructure argument: “Public Libraries, Public Health Care, Public Education (for both kids and adults), and Public Transportation.”
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Thank you, I’ve been pondering it for over 15 years, now, and only just had the time and courage to write and publish it.
Now I am trying to get the word out so that communities can read and edit it for themselves, as I hope I made it clear in the dedication.
I am so tired that I hope someone will step up to help with sharing this work soon, at least via GoodReads reviews and blog shares (one person has helped wonderfully, but I need more Americans, preferably younger, to help).
I almost missed this comment, btw, in my Reader, so if I take too long to reply, please leave a comment on one of my blog posts, which I moderate, so you can treat it as private, if you want.
Shira
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Keep up your great and important work, Shira!
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Getting tired, more hands needed.
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Volunteers needed to take over the project so that I can pass the torch to a younger person, please!
🙂
Shira
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Thank you for sharing this. I had no idea.
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